Test of English as a Foreign Language disingkat TOEFL adalah ujian kemampuan berbahasa Inggris (logat Amerika) yang diperlukan untuk mendaftar masuk kekolese (college) atau universitas di Amerika Serikat atau negara-negara lain di dunia. Ujian ini sangat diperlukan bagi pendaftar atau pembicara yang bahasa ibunya bukanbahasa Inggris. Ujian TOEFL ini diselenggarakan oleh kantor ETS (Educational Testing Service) di Amerika Serikat untuk semua peserta tes di seluruh dunia. Jenis tes bahasa Inggris TOEFL ini pada umumnya diperlukan untuk persyaratan masuk kuliah pada hampir semua universitas di Amerika Serikat dan Kanada baik untuk program undergraduate (S-1) maupun graduate (S-2 atau S-3). Hasil tes TOEFL ini juga dipakai sebagai bahan pertimbangan mengenai kemampuan bahasa Inggris dari calon mahasiswa yang mendaftar ke universitas di negara lain, termasuk universitas di Eropa dan Australia. Secara umum, tes TOEFL lebih berorientasi kepada American English, dan sedikit berbeda dengan jenis tes IELTS yang berorientasi kepada British English. Tidak seperti tes IELTS, tes TOEFL ini pada umumnya tidak mempunyai bagian individual interview test. Biasanya tes ini memakan waktu sekitar tiga jam dan diselenggarakan dalam 4 bagian, yaitu bagian: Nilai hasil ujian TOEFL berkisar antara: 310 (nilai minimum) sampai 677 (nilai maximum) untuk versi PBT (paper-based test). Sejak tahun 1998, tes TOEFL ini diadakan secara online dengan menggunakan komputer (Computer-based Testing/CBT), dan sejak tahun 2005 disebut iBT (Internet-based Test). Di tempat-tempat yang belum bisa melaksanakan CBT atau iBT (karena belum ada fasilitas komputer dan jaringan internetnya), ujian TOEFL ini masih tetap diadakan secara manual menggunakan kertas dan potlot (paper-based test atau PBT). Informasi lebih lengkap tentang tes CBT dan paper-based TOEFL berkaitan dengan pendaftaran, lokasi penyelenggaraan, biaya, dan bahan-bahan persiapan tes dapat dilihat di situs resmi TOEFL, http://www.toefl.org (hasil ujian TOEFL versi CBT mempunyai nilai berkisar antara 0 sampai 300, sementara nilai untuk iBT adalah dari 0 sampai 120) [1]. Akhir-akhir ini penyelenggara tes TOEFL juga mengadakan jenis tes TWE (Test of Written English) yang hasil nilainya terpisah dari nilai tes TOEFL. Tes ini memakan waktu selama 30 menit, dan peserta akan diminta untuk menuliskan karangan singkat yang menggambarkan mengenai kemampuan peserta untuk mengekspresikan dan menuangkan suatu gagasan atau ide, serta mendukung gagasan itu dengan contoh-contoh yang terdapat dalam kehidupan sehari-hari dengan menggunakan bahasa Inggris yang standar. Jenis tes TOEFL yang lain adalah TSEP (Test of Spoken English Program) yang mirip dengan bagian individual interview pada tes IELTS. Tes ini biasanya dipakai kalau kita ingin mendaftar sebagai asisten dosen atau asisten laboratorium (sebagai salah satu cara untuk meringankan biaya kuliah) di universias di AS (atau negara lain). Bentuk tesnya diadakan secara lisan dan berlangsung selama kurang lebih 20 menit. Waktu penyelenggaraan dan batas akhir pendaftarannya sama dengan tes TOEFL yang lain, dan biayanya kira-kira sebesar US$100. By : id.wikipedia.org
Choose the correct form of the verb in parentheses in the following sentences.
1. The teacher decided (accepting/to accept) the paper.
2. The appreciate (to have/having) this information.
3. His father doesn’t approve of his (going/to go) to Europe.
4. We found it very difficult (reaching/to reach) a decision.
5. Donna is interested in (to open/opening) a bar.
6. George has no intention of (to leave/leaving) the city now.
7. We are eager (to return/returning) to school in the fall.
8. You would be better of (to buy/buying) this car.
9. She refused (to accept/accepting) the gift.
10. Mary regrets (to be/being) the one to have to tell him.
11. George pretended (to be/being) sick yesterday.
12. Carlos hopes (to finish/finishing) his thesis this year.
13. They agreed (to leave/leaving) early.
14. Helen was anxious (to tell/telling) her family about her promotion.
15. We are not ready (to stop/stopping) this research at this time.
16. Henry shouldn’t risk (to drive/driving) so fast.
17. He demands (to know/knowing) what is going on.
18. She is looking forward to (return/returning) to her country.
19. There is no excuse for ( to leave/leaving) the room in this condition.
20. Gerald returned to his home after (to leave/leaving) the game
Choose the correct form of the verb in the following sentences 1. Neither Bill nor Mary (is/are) going to the play tonight. 2. Anything (is/are) better than going to another movie tonight. 3. Skating (is/are) becoming more popular every day. 4. A number of reporters (was/were) at the conference yesterday. 5. Everybody who (has/have) a fever must go home immediately. 6. Your glasses (was/were) on the bureau last tonight. 7. There (was/were) some people at the meeting last night. 8. The committee (has/have) already reached a decision. 9. A pair of jeans (was/were) in the washing meachine this morning 10. Each student (has/have) answered the first three questions. 11. Either John or his wife (make/makes) breakfast each morning. 12. After she had perused the material, the secretary decided that everything (was/were) in order. 13. The crowd at the basketball game (was/were) wild with excitement. 14. A pack of wild dogs (has/have) frightened all the ducks away. 15. The jury (is/are) trying to reach a decision. 16. The army (has/have) eliminated this section of the training test. 17. The number of students who have withdrawn from class this quarter (is/are) appalling. 18. There (has/have) been too many interruptions in this class. 19. Every elementary school teacher (has/have) to take this examination. 20. Neither Jill nor her parents (has/have) seen this movie before
1. Pen = Pulpen 2. Bookcase = Rak Buku 3. Table = Meja 4. Chair = Kursi 5. Sofa = Sofa 6. Filing Cabinet = Lemari Arsip 7. Office space = Ruang Kantor 8. O’clock = Jam 9. Wall Clock = Jam Dinding 10. Paper = Kertas 11. Employees = Karyawan 12. Pencil = Pensil 13. Laptop = Laptop 14. Window = Jendela 15. Television = Televisi 16. Refrigerator = Lemari Es 17. Curtain = Gorden 18. Computer = Komputer 19. Air Conditioning = AC 20. Whiteboard = Papan Tulis 21. Markers = Spidol 22. Infokus = Infokus 23. Official Car = Mobil Dinas 24. Garden = Taman 25. Security Guard = Satpam 26. Security Station = Pos Satpam 27. Motorcycle = Seped Motor 28. Parking Lot = Tempat parkir 29. Telephone = Telepon 30. Ruler = Penggaris 31. Parlor = Ruang tamu 32. Waiting Room = Ruang Tunggu 33. Meeting Room = Ruang Meeting 34. Bathroom = Kamar Mandi 35. Elevator = Lift 36. Ladder = Tangga 37. File = Berkas 38. Modem = Modem 39. Office Boy = Pesuruh Kantor 40. Secretary = Sekretaris 41. Manager = Manajer 42. Accountant = Akuntan 43. Lamp = Lampu 44. Canteen = Kantin 45. Mosque = Mushola 46. Camera = Kamera 47. Electricity = Listrik 48. Engineering = Teknik Mesin 49. Plate = Piring 50. Mouse = Mouse 51. Keyboard = Keyboard 52. Safe = Brankas 53. Newspaper = Koran 54. Glass = Gelas 55. Trash Can = Tempat Sampah 56. Fan = Kipas Angin 57. Printer = Pencetak 58. Gym = Tempat Olahraga 59. Kitchen = Dapur 60. Drinking Water = Air Minum 61. Shoes = sepatu 62. Photocopiers = Mesin Fotokopi 63. Dining Room = Ruang Makan 64. Calendar = Kalender 65. Computer Engineering = Teknik Komputer 66. Treasurer = Bendahara 67. Diesel = Diesel 68. Handphone = Telepon Genggam 69. Vase = Vas 70. Frame = Bingkai 71. The Information = Bagian Informasi 72. Magazine = Majalah 73. Hall = Aula 74. Finance = Keuangan 75. Carpet = Karpet 76. Scissors = Gunting 77. Ruler = Penggaris 78. Bag = Tas 79. Jacket = Jas 80. Wifi = wifi 81. Kitchen Appliances = Peralatan Dapur 82. Paper Clip = Klip Kertas 83. Plant = Tanaman 84. Highlighter = Stabilo 85. Tie = Dasi 86. Eraser = Penghapus 87. Pool = Kolam 88. Director = Direktur 89. Discussion Room = Ruang Diskusi 90. Staff = Staf 91. Seat Cushion = Bantal Kursi 92. Salary = Gaji 93. Fork = Garpu 94. Knife = Pisau 95. Photo = Foto 96. Wall Decoration = Hiasan Dinding 97. Money = Uang 98. Overtime = Lembur 99. Spoon = Sendok 100. Dining Table = Meja makan
*Change the verb in these sentences (a) to the past tense, (b) to the Future tense, (c) to the perfect present tense.
Simple past is formed for regular verbs by adding -d or – ed to the root of a word. Examples: He walked to the store, or They danced all night.. A negation is produced by adding did not and the verb in its infinitive form. Example: He did not walk to the store. Question sentences are started with did as in Did he walk to the store? Simple past is used for describing acts that have already been concluded and whose exact time of occurrence is known. Furthermore, simple past is used for retelling successive events. That is why it is commonly used in storytelling. Present perfect is formed by combining have/has with the main verb’s past participle form: I have arrived. A negation is produced by inserting not after have/has: I have not arrived. Questions in present perfect are formulated by starting a sentence with have/has: Has she arrived? Present perfect is used for describing a past action’s effect on the present: He has arrived. Now he is here. This holds true for events that have just been concluded as well as for events that have not yet occurred. Referensi dari : Wikipedia
FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT
By: Safir Senduk
From IndoExchange.com
A huge earning is usually considered for measuring the wealth of someone. However, why do so many people with huge income frequently end up running out of money in the middle or at the end of the month? What is the problem?
If you have a job now, do you remember the first one you ever had? Usually, the first experience on work is the most unforgettable experience.
Let's take an example. Anto was still living with his family until he got a job at the age of 23, as a clerk in a trading company. At that time, he had just graduated. Although he had to go through a probationary period, Anto was so excited when he knew that he would get his first salary. His salary was Rp 600,000, which he would receive on the 27th.
We can guess what he would want to do: he wanted to treat his family. He wanted to express his gratitude for getting a salary for the first time in his life, and he also wanted to show them that he was independent now.
Let's see: he received the salary on the 27th. On the 29th he took his family out for a meal in an all-you-can-eat restaurant, so each of them could satisfy their appetite. The pre-tax cost for one person was Rp 22,000, and after tax was Rp 24,200 per person. All of his family members were 7, consisting of his father, mother, one big brother and 3 annoying younger brothers. All was 6, plus Anto made it 7. It means that he had to pay the dinner bill of Rp 169,400. Which means, only 2 days after he received his salary, he had already spent 28% out of his salary for that month. So, he had only Rp 430,600 left for the rest of the month.
"No problem", thought Anto. "It's my own family that I treated, not other people. Besides, it's not every day I do that. Once a month is enough." Days went by. One week, 2 weeks, 3 weeks. "Hmm…that stuff in the mall looks pretty good. There is a very interesting looking shirt. Okay, it costs Rp 28,000. There's also this nice pair of trousers to wear for work. Very cheap, costs only Rp 65,000. It won't hurt to look stylish at the office". He then started buying things. "Okay", Anto thought, "one shirt and a pair of pants for this month. The rest of my salary would be used for transportation and food until the end of the month" .
What happened? On the 24th of the next month, just three days before his second-month payday, he had only Rp 50,000 left.
Anto started thinking. Okay...., such was because he spent most of his money to treat his family. Also this was his first time working. Within the coming months, his finance would be better.
The second month, he got his salary again. Still in the same amount. No raise yet. The difference was no more treating the family. Days and weeks went by. A few days before his third salary, he only had Rp 75,000 left.
Three months passed by, he was finally accepted as permanent employee. He got a Rp 150,000 raise to Rp 750,000. "Not bad", Anto thought. This meant that I would be able to "breath" and save a little. But strangely, a few days before even one month period ended, his still had only little money left. The sixth month, the seventh month, the eight month, although he got a raise, but he still ran out of money and could not put any into savings.
As a matter of fact, Anto is not the only one, whose income is under Rp 1m, with this problem. Even people with millions per month income still have trouble saving money.
What is really happening? Many people think that by getting a raise, they will not run out of money in the middle of the month and they can save for sure. Every month they hope that they will get a raise the next months. But after they really get a raise, they still run out of money.
It is clear that the solution here lies not on how big your income is. The amount of your income does not guarantee that you will not run out of money in the middle of the month. The size of your income does not guarantee that you will be able to save. The key here is not how much money you make, but how you manage your income so that it can be stretched in a one-month period.
